What exactly does consubstantial mean, and by what authority was it inserted into the Nicene Creed? From long ago, I had thought that, except for filioque (which I once knew how it got into that Creed but have forgotten), we were using an authentic English translation from the Latin, which was literally the same as has been professed since the fourth century.
Has there been other editing along the way? With regard to the latest insertion, what role, if any, did our Orthodox brothers play? They, after all, are the lineal descendants of the Church Fathers who composed the creed. What do Protestants and other Christian denominations think about the filioque insertion?
Consubstantial is simply one possible translation of the Latin equivalent of the Greek term homoousios (literally, “the same substance”). This term was not added to the Nicene Creed; rather, it makes this the Nicene Creed. In AD 325, the bishops of the Catholic Church were invited by Emperor Constantine to gather at Nicaea in modern-day Turkey to address an extremely controversial issue raised by Arius, an Egyptian priest. The bishops took an existing creed used at Baptism and inserted the term homoousios.
Arius and his followers claimed that Jesus did not share the same substance as God the Father; the vast majority of bishops at Nicaea said that Jesus did. For many years, English-speaking Catholics used a translation that included the phrase “of one substance with the Father.” Since 2012, the official text reads “consubstantial with the Father.”
The filioque issue is a bit more complicated. First of all, it’s a Latin term that came centuries after the Council of Nicaea, whose official language was Greek. According to the New Catholic Encyclopedia, this Latin term was added at the suggestion of the Western Church to the Nicene Creed at the Council of Nicaea-Constantinople (553). Charlemagne, who ruled from 774 until 814, promoted this addition; so did Emperor Henry in 1013. Only in the 11th century was this decision ratified in Rome. This term attempted to affirm the equality of the Trinity’s three persons.
The Catholic Church in the East used slightly different language to explain the relationship of God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The East particularly objected to the fact that the Church in the West made this change on its own authority. The filioque controversy was one among many factors in the Church’s East/West split in 1054. In 1742, Pope Benedict XIV “ruled that the Greeks were under no obligation to recite it, and such has since that time been the accepted position in the Eastern Catholic Churches.”
To the best of my knowledge, no mainline Protestant denomination denies the filioque teaching. What Western Christians commonly call the Nicene Creed is, in fact, the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. In AD 381, the Council of Constantinople added text to clarify the Church’s teaching about the Holy Spirit.
5 thoughts on “‘Consubstantial’ Explained”
“Consubstantial” is a ridiculous change. The article states it was one possible translation. What were the other choices. I think Vatican II was a breath of fresh air, but I think this was almost a bit of snobbery and needless. “One in being” is much more meaningful to the average church attender. This is just nonsense and I just skip it while I listen to the rest of the congregation Stumblebthrough it.
I agree 100%.
My copy of the Liddell & Scott Greek-English dictionary tells me ousia can mean either substance, property, being, existence, essence , or nature. How might St. Thomas Aquinas have understood ousia? Did he anywhere in his writings comment on what it means to say Father, Son and Holy Spirit are the same ousia? I’ve read both of his 2 main works 3 times from cover to cover (twice in English, once in Latin), and have no memory of him expanding on what it means. I tell people Aristotle inadvertently gives us an excellent example of what same ousia means when he describes God as: “thinking thinking on thinking”. He thus defines God as a tri-functional act in which: (1) one function is God (i.e.: thinking) acting as the subject focusing on something, (2) one of the functions is God acting as the object on which God is focusing; and (3) one of the functions is God acting as the predicate which joins the other two. Accept that, and both homoousia and consubstantial mean: “the whole of the same one act”. That, though, leaves one with the mind-boggling question of: How can the 3 functions of the same one act each possibly be a distinct PERSON???!!! It’s so crazy a leap, no one can rationally make such a leap, unless, thru Catholic doctrine, God assures us such is the way it is. Still, even in that case, one would have to be left gasping:: ” How can that possibly be so???!!!” Please be not too harsh on this 88 year old reclusive book worm.
I agree with you. I don’t think I will ever get used to consubstantial. To me it sounds haughty and “One in being” sounds more inviting.
I agree. I like “ one in being” much better than “ consubstantial”. It seems to fit better in the Creed. It’s easier to
understand for the masses of people &
they’re not concentrating on what does
consubstantial mean instead of focusing on the Creed.